The Impact of Stay-at-Home Orders on Binge Drinking Patterns in the US

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of the stay-at-home orders, especially closing and reopening bars and other drinking establishments, on binge drinking patterns in US populations in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Method(s): Data on binge drinking and heavy binge drinking for this study was extracted from the 2018-2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Data on regulations were collected by National Academy for State Health Policy. We used two staggered differences-in-differences strategies to account for monthly variations in bar regulations. We implemented a strategy that used never treated states as controls via the Stata package CSDID and a strategy that directly imputed counterfactuals for treated states via the Stata package FECT. The outcomes were measured by the number of binge drinkers or heavy binge drinkers per 1000 population. The treatment effect was estimated while controlling for age, income level, race, chronic conditions, gender, MSA fixed effects, and month fixed effects. Stay-at-home orders were coded as 1 in the first full month of implementation and were assumed to impact the entire state equally. Bars were assumed to reopen if the indoor service has been reactivated at any capacity. Result(s): For heavy binge drinking, the average treatment effect on the treated group was 4.86 per 1000 population (p=0.027) using FECT package and 6.74 per 1000 population (p = 0.025) using CSDID package. No significant effect was found for binge drinking. Conclusion(s): We provide suggestive evidence that stay-at-home orders may have increased heavy binge drinking in metropolitan areas. We estimated this led to a 3.38% (FECT) or 4.68% (CSDID) increase in heavy binge drinking during the pandemic. Future work will assess the characteristics of areas that saw the greatest increase in heavy binge drinking, and explore why heavy binge drinkers were more vulnerable than binge drinkers during the Covid.Copyright © 2023

2022 PeDRA Annual Conference

The proceedings contain 90 papers. The topics discussed include: characterization of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children with psoriasis: a pilot study;management of pediatric psoriasis: a representative US survey;severity and patient-related outcomes in atopic dermatitis do not correlate with deprivation index as an indicator of socioeconomic setting in a US metropolitan area;pediatric atopic dermatitis: assessment of burden based on lesional morphology;metered dose applicators: a potential solution for improving topical medication adherence in atopic dermatitis patients;serial staged punch excision technique for linear epidermal nevus and nevus sebaceous;the molecular basis of superficial vascular lesions of the skin: genotype-phenotype correlation of capillary malformations;utilization and effect of telehealth for the treatment of hemangioma before and after COVID;image analysis of port wine birthmarks using optical coherence tomography;image analysis of port wine birthmarks using optical coherence tomography;and responsiveness to change of the morphea activity measure.

Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Patients That Used Virtual Care Since COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from a Large Commercial Healthcare Claims Database in the US

Objectives: The use of virtual care has accelerated since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the differences in patient characteristics between new and existing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients that utilized virtual care. Method(s): Adult patients (age318 years) with T2DM who had a virtual care (phone or video) visit between April 1, 2020 and March 31, 2022 from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse were identified. The date of the first virtual visit was defined as the index date. Patients were required to be continuously insured at least 1 year prior to their index date (baseline) and at least 90 days of follow-up coverage. T2DM patients were categorized as newly diagnosed and as existing T2DM patients based on whether a diabetes diagnosis was observed in the baseline or not. Result(s): A total of 1,864,203 unique T2DM patients were eligible, with18.5% identified as newly diagnosed and 81.5% as existing T2DM patients. On average, newly diagnosed T2DM patients were younger than existing T2DM patients. Majority (54.5%) of newly diagnosed T2DM patients were commercially insured compared to only 38.6% existing T2DM patients. Among the existing T2DM patients, 61.2% were White, 17.9% Non-Hispanic Black, 12.7% Hispanic and 8.2% others. Of this population, 12.7 % had a household income >= $125,000, 13.3% had at least a Bachelor's degree, and 80.3% reside in a metropolitan area. For the newly diagnosed T2DM cohort, 59.7% were White, 15.3% Non-Hispanic Black, 13.4% Hispanic, and 11.6% others. More of the newly diagnosed T2DM cohort had higher household income, higher education, and resided in a metropolitan area compared to patients with existing T2DM. Conclusion(s): T2DM patients that used virtual care were heterogenous in terms of their baseline characteristics. This underscores the emerging trend that virtual care can potentially play a complementary role in managing patients with diabetes.Copyright © 2023

Mexican Fiscal Federalism confronted to the Covid-19 vaccination strategy in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico

The article analyzes the relationship between the population and the positive cases of coronavirus in the population aged 60 years and over to develop a priority vaccination strategy in the municipalities and mayors of the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, 2021. Fiscal federalism is used to discuss the decentralization of competencies in government orders. The metropolitan scale is studied where the hegemony of the federal government over services is presented, in this case in relation to the distribution of the Covid-19 vaccine. The methodology considers the positive cases in the population over 60, the quantile technique is used as a basis for the analysis of spatial correlation, concluding that the vaccination process had to have been different.

Face Mask Wearing in Kampala, Uganda

Wearing a face mask within public spaces can prevent COVID-19 infection. However, a considerable number of people continue not to wear a face mask in public spaces. This study uses data from 1054 urban respondents in the Greater Kampala Metropolitan area to investigate wearing a face mask inside public spaces. Results from a binary logistic regression model indicate that respondents who agreed (yes) that wearing a face mask evokes emotional feelings were more likely (OR = 1.73;95% CI = 1.16-2.59) to wear a face mask in public spaces than their counterparts who disagreed that wearing a face mask evokes emotional feelings. Results call for the need to raise awareness about face mask wearing and its efficacy to prevent COVID-19 infection. Our findings also call for integration of psychosocial support into programming on prevention and response to COVID-19 to particularly address the emotional aspects related to face mask wearing. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Changes in children's rhythms of everyday life during the COVID-19 pandemic in a small town in the Prague metropolitan area

The restrictions imposed in response to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected people's everyday life, including those of children. For an extended period, children had to deal with the closure of schools and subsequent online teaching, which disrupted their daily rhythms. This study aimed to determine how children coped with the changes in the rhythms of their everyday life. This study provides insight into the diverse coping mechanisms employed by children during challenging times and highlights the importance of rhythm in establishing a sense of normalcy and stability in everyday life. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with children aged 12–17 years living in a small town in the Prague metropolitan area. The results show that the coping strategies adopted in response to the change in baseline rhythm varied greatly among children. Introducing new rhythms into everyday life was a long process, and some children tried to maintain the rhythms created even after returning to classroom teaching. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Children's Geographies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

A new human mobility at the time of Covid-19 in the Rome Metropolitan Area

Human mobility during the centuries of industrial development has long been studied using interpretative models in which movements inside and outside urban areas have been considered in relation to successive phases of economic development. In more recent times the study of mobility has highlighted the overlapping of phenomena hitherto considered to be unrelated, such as commuting, tourism and migration. The hybrid nature of sundry phenomena has required a distinction to be made: production-related mobility and consumption-related mobility. Measures introduced to combat the Covid-19 pandemic have brought further changes to reference parameters in this sphere. At this early stage we have some clues as to the possible development of human mobility in the future. We may realistically imagine that large urban areas will no longer be viewed as areas of concentration and overlap of all human activities. It is therefore necessary to look again at the parameters of human mobility in relation to new time and space parameters. © 2022 Societe Belge de Geographie. All rights reserved.

Distribution Impact of Rent Control on Seoul Market Rents during the COVID-19

After the outbreak of the COVID-19 in the early 2020, Korea has attempted to reinforce the existing rent controls to help the lowincome households. From July 2000, the tenants' right of lease renewal came into effect, as a policy tool to enforce the upper bound percentage of rent increases within Korea. Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of rent control on the uncontrolled rents in Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Research design, data and methodology: The study regresses the monthly panel data from 58 municipalities in SMA from January 2020 to March 2022, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The data indicates that the policy had the effect of lowering rents for a period of two months, and subsequently monetary policy including quantitative easing and low interest rates, coupled with asset market bubbles lead to rent increases. During the sample data period, the quantity of money supply increased by 12.6% and CPI rose by 3.0%, these phenomena collectively increased the rents by up to 14.7%. Conclusions: The results of the present study support the findings of earlier studies in part: namely, that rent control without the government's steps to stabilize the property price may have an undesirable effect on rental tenants. © Copyright: Korean Distribution Science Association (KODISA

The influence of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic on the security of Szczecin Metropolitan Area

In this article an attempt was made to determine the security level of Szczecin Metropolitan Area (the only one in the Republic of Poland situated within the state frontier zone) at the time of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. The author has adopted an interdisciplinary research approach and analyzed a number of diversified areas influencing or characterizing a broadly understood security both in the qualitative aspect (normative and planning solutions) and quantitative one (including the number of vehicles used on public roads, road events, selected categories of crimes, morbidity rate, death rate, coronavirus tests, fires, local threats, and false alarms) recognized through access to public information. Based on the outlined tendencies (within the comparable three-month periods of 2019 and 2020) the author formulated answers to two questions: Did the epidemic state during its first three months decreased the security level of Szczecin Metropolitan Area? Can limited activity of the inhabitants in the public sphere be one of the security level determinants? © 2020 Przeglad Zachodniopomorski. All rights reserved.

Associated impact of the COVID-19 induced lockdown on air quality of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (India)

As a pandemic, COVID 19 spread worldwide in early 2020. Primarily densely populated countries had remained vulnerable due to this biological hazard. Many people were forced to stay home owing to nature of the disease and no respite. A nationwide lockdown was implemented in India for 29 days (March 24th to April 21st) of 2020 during the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the nationwide lockdown, industries, transport, and other commercial activities were suspended, except for necessary services. During the entire pandemic situation, an affirmative impact was observed as the air quality was reported to have improved worldwide. The complete economic lockdown to check COVID-19, brought unforeseen relief from severe condition of air quality. An apparent, reduction in level of PM2.5 and Air Quality Index (AQI) was experienced over Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Chennai. Present work explores the various metrics of air pollution in Kolkata, West Bengal, India (imposed as a result of containment measure for COVID-19). The polluting parameters (e.g., PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and NH3) were chosen for seven monitoring stations (Ballygunge, Fort William, Victoria, Bidhannagar, Jadavpur, Rabindra Bharati, Rabindra Sarabar), which are spread across the metropolitan area of Kolkata. National Air Quality Index (NAQI) has been used to show pre-and during-lockdown air quality spatial patterns. The findings showed major changes in air quality throughout the lockdown period. The highest reduction in pollutants emission was observed for: PM10 (- 60.82%), PM2.5 (-45.05%) and NO2 (-62.27%), followed by NH3 (- 32.12%) and SO2 (-32.00%), CO (-47.46%), O3 (15.10%). During the lockdown, the NAQI value was reduced by 52.93% in the study area. © 2022 University of Craiova, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Geography. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Impacts on Air Quality during Partial Lockdown in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo

Air pollution has become one of the factors that most affect the quality of life, human health, and the environment. Gaseous pollutants from motor vehicles have a significantly harmful effect on air quality in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP)—Brazil. Motor vehicles emit large amounts of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the last three acting as the main tropospheric ozone (O3) precursors. In this study, we evaluated the effects of these pollutants on air quality in the MASP during the partial lockdown that was imposed to ensure the social distancing necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared the monthly data for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and CO, SO2, and BC from MERRA-2 for the period between April and May 2020 (during the pandemic) with the average for the same period for the (pre-pandemic) years 2017 to 2019 in the southeast region of Brazil. The meteorological and pollutant concentration data from the CETESB air quality monitoring stations for the MASP were compared with the diurnal cycle of three previous years, with regard to the monthly averages of April and May (2017, 2018, and 2019) and the same period in 2020, when the partial lockdown was first imposed in southeast Brazil. Our findings showed that there was a decrease in NO2 concentrations ranging from 10% to more than 60% in the MASP and the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro (MARJ), whereas in the Metropolitan Area of Belo Horizonte and Vitoria (MABH and MAV, respectively), there was a reduction of around 10%. In the case of the concentrations of CO and BC from MERRA-2, there was a considerable decrease (approx. 10%) during the period of partial lockdown caused by COVID-19 throughout almost the entire state of São Paulo, particularly in the region bordering the state of Rio de Janeiro. The concentration of SO2 from MERRA-2 was 5 to 10% lower in the MASP and MARJ and the west of the MABH, and there was a decrease of 30 to 50% on the border between the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, while in the MAV region, there was an increase in pollutant levels, as this region was not significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Sharp reductions in the average hourly concentrations of CO (38.8%), NO (44.9%), NO2 (38.7%), and PM2.5 (6%) were noted at the CETESB air quality monitoring stations in the MASP during the partial lockdown in 2020 compared with the hourly average rate in the pre-pandemic period. In contrast, there was an increase of approximately 16.0% in O3 concentrations in urban areas that are seriously affected by vehicular emissions, which is probably related to a decrease in NOx. © 2023 by the authors.

Towards the high-quality development of City Region Food Systems: Emerging approaches in China.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has underscored the vulnerability of our current food systems. In China, following a series of strategies in guaranteeing food security in the past decades, the pandemic has further highlighted the necessity to strengthen urban-rural linkages and facilitate the sustainable development of local agri-food systems. The study for the first time introduced the City Region Food Systems (CRFS) approach to Chinese cities and attempted to holistically structure, analyze and promote the sustainability of local food systems in China. Taking Chengdu as an example, the study first took stock of existing concepts and policies in China and the city, and defined the high-quality development goals of CRFS for Chengdu. An indicator framework was then developed to serve as a CRFS assessment tool for identifying existing challenges and potentials of local food systems. Further, a rapid CRFS scan using the framework was conducted in Chengdu Metropolitan Area, providing concrete evidence for potential policy interventions and practice improvement in the area. The study has explored new paradigm of analysis for food related issues in China and provided supporting tools for evidence-based food planning in cities, which collectively contribute to the food system transformation in a post-pandemic scenario.

Socio-territorial inequalities and economic difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area

The aim of this article is to analyze the economic difficulties of the residents from the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA) as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. 211 Responses were captured from a social media survey sent to the residents of the MMA from April to May 2020. 61 of the cases had different types of credit payment problems, 42 had pending payment of services, 30 had other types of debts, and 27 had pending tuition payments. In regard to the limits of the survey, it does not have a statistical significance, given the low representation obtained since it was carried out at the time of greatest confinement from COVID-19 lockdown. The data obtained reflects a circumstantial moment which must be acknowledged and analysed, consequently, it is necessary to carry out a broader quantitative and qualitative analysis that examines the effects of the pandemic on the economy and the residents' access to goods in this metropolitan area. It's likely that inequality gaps have widened because of this pandemic.

Air pollution and mobility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area in times of COVID-19

This paper analyzes the relation between COVID-19, air pollution, and public transport mobility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). We test if the restrictions to economic activity introduced to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 are associated with a structural change in air pollution levels and public transport mobility. Our results show that mobility in public transportation was significantly reduced following the government's recommendations. Nonetheless, we show that the reduction in mobility was not accompanied by a reduction in air pollution. Furthermore, Granger-causality tests show that the precedence relation between public transport mobility and air pollution disappeared as a product of the restrictions. Thus, our results suggest that air pollution in the MCMA seems primarily driven by industry and private car usage. In this regard, the government should redouble its efforts to develop policies to reduce industrial pollution and private car usage. © 2023 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

Assessing the Utilisation of TELedentistry from Perspectives of Early Career Dental Practitioners - Development of the UTEL Questionnaire

Introduction: Teledentistry has allowed for the provision of dental care remotely. It has benefitted people living in regional, rural and remote communities. The use of teledentistry rapidly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic to minimise transmission risk while still allowing for the provision of care, especially during mandated lockdowns. Aim: This study aims to pilot and assess the validity of a questionnaire developed to understand early career dental practitioners’ opinions regarding teledentistry in Australia. Method: Registered early career dental practitioners currently working in Australia were invited to participate. Participants were asked to respond to a series of questions regarding teledentistry on themes containing diagnosis, accessibility, patient care, technology and finances. In addition, participants were asked for feedback upon the conclusion of the questionnaire. Results: A total of 23 dental practitioners (60% female, age range 20–34) participated in this study. Work experiences ranged from 0–10 years. A total of 18 participants worked in metropolitan areas, while five worked in regional areas. All participants used teledentistry for approximately 1–9 hours per week. Over 82% of participants believed that telehealth was effective for consultations, and over 90% believed it was more convenient than face-to-face consultations. However, over 78% believed teledentistry was ineffective for diagnosing complex dental cases. Over 95% of participants believed that teledentistry improved patient healthcare access and was beneficial during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. All participants believed that teledentistry was a useful tool for post-operative care, and over 86% of participants felt that patients accepted teledentistry. Conclusion: This questionnaire effectively determines the utilisation of teledentistry during a global pandemic from the perspective of early career dental practitioners. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Quantitative Evaluation on the Drivers of PM2.5 Concentration Change in South Korea during the 1(st) -3(rd) Seasonal PM2.5 Management Periods

Since 2019, Korean Ministry of Environment has implemented the 1st -3rd PM2.5 Seasonal Management Plans(SMP) to reduce PM2.5 concentration during high PM2.5 concentration period. In this study, we quantitatively evaluated the major drivers(meteorology, foreign emissions, and domestic emissions) of which changes led to change of PM2.5 concen-trations in South Korea during the PM2.5 SMP periods(S1, Dec. 2019-Mar. 2020;S2, Dec. 2020-Mar. 2021;S3, Dec. 2021-Mar. 2022) based on observational data and Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ) simulation results. The nation-wide period mean PM2.5 concentration in S1, S2, and S3 decreased by 8.7, 9.1, and 10.1 mu g/m3 compared to that during Dec. 2018-Mar. 2019. Results show that anthropogenic emission reductions in Northeast Asia decreased the PM2.5 concentration by 5.9, 5.5, and 8.8 mu g/m3 respectively during S1-S3. Note that the effect of the regional emission reduction includes not only domestic emission reduction but also reductions in foreign emission impact. The combined impact of meteorology and foreign emission changes explained 65%, 61% of the total PM2.5 decreases over South Korea and the Seoul Metropolitan Area(SMA) respectively during the S1-S3. Consequently, domestic emission reductions including governmental air quality management plans(i.e., the PM2.5 SMP) and socioeconomic changes(i.e., COVID-19 outbreak) led to PM2.5 concentration decrease in South Korea by 35% during the periods. Among seventeen provinces in South Korea, the impacts of domestic emission reduction on the PM2.5 concentration decreases were as high as 39% and 56% in the SMA and Chungnam where the major emission sources such as transportation, power generation facilities, and industrial complex locate and where the PM2.5 SMP measures were probably penetrated. It implies that the effects of domestic emission controls were meaningful to lower PM2.5concentrations during the periods.

Epidemic Modeling of the Spatiotemporal Spread of COVID-19 over an Intercity Population Mobility Network

Intercity traveling has been recognized as a leading cause for the continuation of the COVID-19 global pandemic. However, there lacks credible prediction of the spatiotemporal spread of COVID-19 with humans traveling between metropolitan areas. This study attempts to establish a novel framework to simulate human traveling and the spread of virus across an intercity population mobility network. A Markov process was introduced to capture the stochastic nature of travelers’ migration. A backward derivation algorithm was adopted and the Nelder-Mead simplex optimization method applied to overcome the limitation of existing deterministic epidemic models, including the difficulties in estimating the initial susceptible population and the optimal hyper-parameters required for simulation. We conducted two case studies with data from 24 cities in China and Italy. Our framework yielded state-of-the-art accuracy while being modular and scalable, indicating the addition of population mobility and stochasticity significantly improves prediction performance compared to using epidemic data alone. Moreover, our results revealed that transmission patterns of COVID-19 differ significantly with different population mobility, offering valuable information to the understanding of the correlation between traveling activities and COVID-19 transmission. © 2022, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Social Efficiency of Public Transportation Policy in Response to COVID-19: Model Development and Application to Intercity Buses in Seoul Metropolitan Area.

Although more than two years have passed since the appearance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), few policies on public transportation have been implemented to reduce its spread. It is common knowledge that public transportation is vulnerable to COVID-19, but it has not been easy to formulate an appropriate public transportation policy based on a valid rationale. In this study, a modified SEIHR model was developed to evaluate the socioeconomic effects of public transportation policies. By applying the developed model to intercity buses in the Seoul metropolitan area, the socioeconomic efficiency of the policy of reducing the number of passengers was evaluated. The analysis showed that the optimal number of passengers decreased as the number of initially infected people increased; in addition, the basic reproduction number R0, illness cost per person, and probability of infection with a single virus were higher. However, depending on these variable conditions, the policy to reduce the number of passengers in a vehicle may not be required, so it is necessary to make an appropriate judgment according to the situation. In particular, the emergence of a new mutant COVID-19 will necessitate the development of appropriate countermeasures by comprehensively examining the change in the number of infected individuals and the fatality rate. This study can guide the development of such countermeasures.

Risk Awareness and Impediments to Disaster Preparedness of Foreign Residents in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan.

The likelihood of a mega-earthquake, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the threat of other disasters in the Tokyo Metropolitan area have necessitated collective responsibilities to take all possible actions to reduce their impacts. The experiences from past disasters have, however, highlighted the plight of foreign residents in coping with disasters and have reinvigorated calls for rigorous counteractions. As the population of foreign residents continues to increase in the metropolis, this research examines their awareness of risks and the obstacles that hinder disaster preparedness in the wake of future disasters. An Extended Parallel Process Model is utilized to analyze both secondary and primary data sources, and the results reveal that 65% perceive the severity of disaster as a threat and believe in a likelihood of occurrence in the city; however, the confidence to undertake some recommended countermeasures are lacking (with low efficacy of 70%). This is causing many to control their fear by not actively seeking further risk information or participating in disaster prevention activities. In consideration of these instances, the study recommends a collective approach built upon the merits of stakeholder engagements to provide vicarious experiences, verbal persuasions, and mastery experiences to boost the response capacities of foreign residents for disaster preparedness. This will be relevant for city authorities to enhance risk communication and foster foreigner-Japanese community integration.

The resilience of sub-urban small farming in Bucharest Metropolitan Area in response to the COVID-19 pandemic

In Romania, the immediate effects of the pandemic have revealed a strain on food supply chains due to the limitations related to social distancing between producers/deliverers/consumers. The paper aims to identify and analyze the resilience of small farmers in southern Romania (i.e., Bucharest Metropolitan Area) to the new conditions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. By combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, the analysis focused on the COVID-19 pandemic pre-conditions, impacts and resilience, as well as the post-COVID-19 solutions - the medium- and long-term measures necessary to sustain the effort of the farmers to cope with risks and uncertainties in the future. The study shows a close connection between some pre-existing conditions and farms capacity to become resilient to the shocks caused by the pandemic. Hence, organic farms demonstrated the highest resilience, while leisure and recreational farms the lowest. The research has improved the existing knowledge on the sub-urban farmers as key players of metropolitan agriculture and promoters of sustainability and food security for cities and identified some elements of resilience during COVID-19: reconnecting with local food production, networking, door-to-door delivery, multi-functionality inside the farm, etc. Particularly, backing small farmers to meet market requirements and access digital marketing are among the key measures to support local food systems and short food supply chains to adapt to future shocks.